But if it be asked - Psychology

But if it be asked Post Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2008 8:59:06 +0000
And, because the blood which thus enters into the heart passes through these two pouches called auricles, it hence happens that their motion is the contrary of that of the heart, and that when it expands they contract. But lest those who are ignorant of the force of mathematical demonstrations, and who are not accustomed to distinguish true reasons from mere verisimilitudes, should venture, without examination, to deny what has been said, I wish it to be considered that the motion which I have now ex plained follows as necessarily from the very arrangement of the parts, which may be observed in the heart by the eye alone, and from the heat which may be felt with the fingers, and from the nature of the blood as learned from experience, as does the motion of a clock from the power, the situation, and shape of its counter weights and wheels. But if it be asked how it happens that the blood in the veins, flowing in this way continually into the heart, is not ex hausted, and why the arteries do not become too full, since all the blood which passes through the heart flows into them, I need only mention in reply what has been written by a physician 1 of England, who has the honour of having broken the ice on this subject, and of having been the first to teach that there are many small passages at the extremities of the arteries, through which the blood received by them from the heart passes into the small branches of the veins, whence it again returns to the heart; so that its course amounts precisely to a perpetual circulation.

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1. - It is directly asserted only Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:50:27 +0000
The cognitive consciousness affirms the object directly, which, as we saw, stands indirectly as the symbol of the eject. At best, then, the eject is only indirectly asserted in the consciousness which defines the object. It is directly asserted only by the metaphysical consciousness in which the active self approaches its world through its own agency.

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2. - I do not mean Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:34:08 +0000
This approach gives rise to a metaphysical reaction, an experience of the frustration of agency which takes the form usually of a more or less violent rebuff. The cogni- tion, as we saw, develops as a means of avoiding this rebuff, but the rebuff itself is related directly to a metaphysical object, an eject which the bunch of perceptions only sym- bolizes, but to which the rebuff has a direct reference. I do not mean to say that the dog, for example, has any idea of causation, or that he regards the cognized object as merely the symbol of a reality that does not appear.

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3. - The merging of distinctions Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:19:43 +0000
What I do mean is that as a hard fact it is not ire cause of his bunch of perceptions which the dog takes to be real and is afraid of. It is rather the immediate cause of his unpleasant feelings when he experiences the rebuff, which he fears and avoids, though he does not clearly distinguish it from the cause of his perceptions. The merging of distinctions and the taking of the symbol as the real, even when the real is all the while meant, is a characteristic of the spontaneous consciousness.

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4. - Now the world of physical Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:06:03 +0000
The physical eject stands, then, as the immediate cause of certain metaphysical experiences of the self. It is unpicturable except in terms of its objective symbol, but it is known to exist as the symbolized cause of certain experiences of the self. Now the world of physical science is a world of exist- ences corresponding to these symbolized physical ejects.

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5. - They are the ejects Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:46:29 +0000
Physics, as we have seen, resolves its world into phenomena and underlying grounds or substances. The phenomena are the symbols of the underlying substances or forces, while these are the hidden but uniform and stable forces which are causally related to the phenomenal effects. They are the ejects of the physical world, and the grounds on which science holds them to be necessary are identical with the grounds on which the reflective consciousness asserts the existence of physical ejects.

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6. - That the physical eject exists Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:30:48 +0000
The reflective basis of our knowledge here is an inference which takes the form of the rationally necessary. But this inference rests on the more intimate and direct certitude of the spontaneous consciousness. That the physical eject exists as real we have the united testimony of both spontaneity and reflec- tion.

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7. - And being but an ordinary Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:20:20 +0000
The definition of the character of this ejective existence is a matter of inference and analogy. To the dog its nature will express itself mainly in its dogged obstinacy in blocking his way. And being but an ordinary dog, his idea of the nature of the cause of his troubles will contain a great many kyno-morphic elements, just as that of the plain man will reveal elements which are anthropo-morphic.

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8. - But in con- nection Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:02:55 +0000
It is only in the critical reflection of physics that we find these elements carefully eliminated and the characteriza- tion reduced to the minimum of the necessary. What, then, does modern physics say regarding the nature of these physical ejects? As to their nature as things in themselves, it professes to know nothing. But in con- nection with its scientific aims it is obliged to regard them as the ground-causes of the phenomenal world.

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9. - If force, we then emphasize Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 15:52:12 +0000
And while it is in a state of unstable equilibrium on the question whether these physical existences are to be regarded as matter, force, ether, or something beyond its present ken, there is no uncertainty as to whether some ground- causes of a physical character are essential; nor is there any doubt as to what the most fundamental attributes of these must be. If we call them matter, we put the empha- sis on persistence, inertia and stability. If force, we then emphasize agency and causal energy.

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10. - And it does this all Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 15:38:27 +0000
If ether, we accent the desideratum of a perfect medium for motion. 1 Physics thus defines its ejects in terms of strict inferential neces- sity, as persistent inert and stable substances ; as mechani- cally acting causes and as perfect media for the initiation and propagation of motions. And it does this all consist- ently with its general profession of ignorance as to the nature of things.

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