But as soon - Psychology

But as soon Post Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2008 9:11:21 +0000
Besides, I wish such persons to observe that the grand artery and the arterial vein arc of much harder and firmer texture than the venous artery and the hollow vein; and that the two last expand before entering the heart, and there form, as it were, two pouches denominated the auricles of the heart, which are composed of a substance similar to that of the heart itself; and that there is always more warmth in the heart than in any other part of the body; and, finally, that this heat is capable of causing any drop of blood that passes into the cavities rapidly to expand and dilate, just as all liqxiors do when allowed to fall drop by drop into a highly heated vessel. For, after these things, it is not necessary for me to say anything more with a view to explain the motion of the heart, except that when its cavities are not full of blood, into these the blood of necessity flows, from the hollow vein into the right, and from the venous artery into the left; because these two vessels arc always full of blood, and their orifices, which are turned towards the heart, cannot then be closed. But as soon as two drops of blood have thus passed, one into each of the cavities, these drops which cannot but be very large, because the orifices through which they pass are wide, and the vessels from which they come full of blood, are immediately rarefied, and dilated by the heat they meet with, In this way they cause the whole heart to expand, and at the same time press home and shut the five small valves that are at the entrances of the two vessels from which they flow, and thus prevent any more blood from coming down into the heart, and becoming more and more rarefied, they push open the six small valves that are in the orifices of the other two vessels, through which they pass out, causing in this way all the branches of the arterial vein and of the grand artery to expand almost simultaneously with the heart which immediately thereafter begins to contract, as do also the arteries, because the blood that has entered them has cooled, and the six small valves close, and the five of the hollow vein and of the venous artery open anew and allow a passage to other two drops of blood, which cause the heart and the arteries again to expand as before.

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1. - But as its experience grew Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:24:19 +0000
But taking the ordinary puppy which grows up in the society of other pups and dogs and people, the two facts (1) that the form of agency of which it is immediately conscious is mental rather than physical, and (2) that the most inter- esting part of its environment would be the living beings with which it is associated, lead to the presumption that its first knowledge of ejects would be of the mental variety. Learning the real agency of other puppies and dogs and of its master as it grew older, its first experiences of reality would be of a world of one species of agency, that of the mental type. But as its experience grew larger it would be led by the great differences which arise between the reactions of the mental and the physical, to recognize a distinction of type in the causes that occasion them.

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2. - The processes are all functions Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:13:27 +0000
The recognition of the physical eject would thus appear later in the puppys experience than would that of the mental. The dogs experience has been taken here as a type because of its intimacy with the world it moves in and because little suspicion would arise here of the interference of higher powers of reflection. The processes are all functions of a spontaneous unreflecting consciousness, and we have found that the dog comes through them to the recognition of nearly all, if not quite all, the essential existents of the more advanced and reflective consciousness.

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3. - Taking the case we Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:54:03 +0000
The dog, it is true, knows his objects straight out without any definite conceptions of the nature of what he knows. Nevertheless, it is a real existence and not a bare symbol which he knows, a fact that is proved by his definite and appropriate reactions upon the world. Taking the case we have analyzed as a type, let us ask, then, how consciousness comes spontaneously to know (1) self, (2) objects which are symbols of the not-self, (3) ejects, (a) other selves, (b) physical ejects.

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4. - Thus, power, duty, love, hate Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:42:22 +0000
How does consciousness spontaneously know self ? At the very beginning of this inquiry we had occasion to draw a distinction between two species of knowledge, the picturable and the unpicturable, and the knowledge of self was classified with the unpicturable species. What we mean by unpicturable knowledge is the assurance, immediate or otherwise, which we have of real existences which neverthe- less have no definable form in which they can be repre- sented, otherwise than symbolically, to the imagination. Thus, power, duty, love, hate, patriotism, are realities which we know immediately, but they cannot be pictured and are capable only of symbolic representation.

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5. - The dog knows himself Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:27:42 +0000
The knowledge of self is of this unpicturable variety, for while it is true that there are certain subjective cate- gories, like individuality and personality, which help consciousness to conceive the self in specific ways, yet these are not picturable categories and do not represent the self to the imagination in any other sense than it is represented by calling it loving or dutiful. We have seen, too, that the knowledge of self is a function, primarily, of the sponta- neous consciousness and is possible below the level of reflection. The dog knows himself, and this serves him as a point of departure for some very important knowledge of the world.

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6. - Through this Sturm und Drang Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:09:53 +0000
If we ask what self it is the dog knows, we shall be led by the preceding analysis to say that it is his volitional self ; the self of his prime agency ; the self of that struggle of his to realize his destiny in his world. The very singular circumstance about the affair is that it is not the phenomenal self, the subject of mere perception, of which the dog becomes aware and which guides him in his reaction, but his deeper metaphysical self ; the self that energizes in the efforts he puts forth for survival ; the self of feeling and effort; the self that experiences the storm and stress of life. Through this Sturm und Drang, con- sciousness spontaneously apprehends itself in the form of a practical agent in pursuit of its own well-being.

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7. - The reflective consciousness builds Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:59:06 +0000
Its experience is thus metaphysical and it knows itself as a real existent rather than as a mere phenomenon. We say, then, that the self of the spontaneous consciousness is known immediately and metaphysically. The reflective consciousness builds on the foundation of spontaneity, and though its processes are mediate and its business to trans- late its whole available material into the idea or conception of self, yet this result of reflection carries with it much of the immediate force of the spontaneous intuition.

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8. - The general doctrine maintained throughout Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:45:30 +0000
The intimacy of the self-idea with the self -intuition is so per- fect that it is only when we compel ourselves to reflect critically that we are able to realize that the whole is not direct intuition. Secondly, how do we come to know objects which are not self? We do little more here than sum up the results of former discussion. The general doctrine maintained throughout this treatise is that the cognitive processes proper do not take the initiative, but are called forth by the exigen- cies of the real struggle of the agent for survival.

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9. - A dog does not know Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:27:44 +0000
The dog did not perceive the real tree or stone until he ran against it and experienced the painful consequences. His cognition of the object then unfolded as a symbol of a deeper reality fraught with momentous consequences, and its function was to render the collision with the deeper reality avoidable. A dog does not know all this, of course, but it all happens just in that way.

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10. - Now, it has already been Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:17:12 +0000
Recognizing this and calling the cognitive object which arises, the phenomenal object symbolizing a deeper reality, our concern here is with this phenomenal object. We wish to know how we became aware of its being a symbol of the not-self, rather than a symbol of self. Now, it has already been pointed out how the first definitions of the world arise as objective rather than subjective, and we have only to conceive this process as completing itself in order to reach a doctrine of objectivity that would be adequate to refute subjective idealism.

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