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All these innumerable stimuli falling Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 15:29:00 +0000 But, in addition to this, a similar reflex secretion is evoked when these substances are placed at a distance from the clog and the receptor organs affected are only those of smell and sight. Even the vessel from which the food has been given is sufficient to evoke an alimentary reflex complete in all its details; and, further, the secretion may be provoked even by the sight of the person who brought the ves sel, or by the sound of his footsteps. All these innumerable stimuli falling upon the several finely discriminating distance receptors lose their power for ever as soon as the hemispheres are taken from the animal, and those only which have a direct effect on mouth and tongue still retain their power. Autor of the post: Undefined Here is another example Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 15:17:01 +0000 The great, advantage to the organism of a capacity to react to the former stimuli is evi dent, for it is in virtue of their action that food finding its way into the mouth immediately encounters plenty of moistening saliva, and rejectable substances, often nocuous to the mucous membrane, find a layer of protective saliva already in the mouth which rapidly dilutes and washes them out. Even greater is their importance when they evoke the motor component of the complex reflex of nutrition, i e when they act as stimuli to the reflex of seeking food. Here is another example the reflex of self-defence. Autor of the post: Undefined Then the prey Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 15:06:57 +0000 The strong carnivorous animal preys on weaker animals, and these If they waited to defend themselves until the teeth of the foe were in their flesh would speedily be exterminated. The case takes on a different aspect when the defence reflex is called into play by the sights and sounds of the enemy s approach. Then the prey has a chance to save itself by hiding or by flight. Autor of the post: Undefined The essential feature Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 14:56:50 +0000 How can we describe, in general, this difference in the dynamic balance of life between the normal and the decorticated animal? What is the general mechanism and law of this distinc tion? It is pretty evident that under natural conditions the normal animal must respond not only to stimuli which themselves bring immediate benefit or harm, but also to other physical or chemical agencies waves of sound, light, and the like which in themselves only signal the approach of these stimuli; though it is not the sight and sound of the breast of prey which is in itself harmful to the smaller animal, but its teeth and claws. Now although the signalling stimuli do play a part in those comparatively simple reflexes we have given as examples, yet this is not the most important point. The essential feature of the high est activity of the central nervous system, with which we are con cerned and which in the higher animals most probably belongs entirely to the hemispheres, consists not in the fact that innumer able signalling stimuli do initiate reflex reactions in the animal, but in the fact that under different conditions these same stimuli may initiate quite different reflex reactions; and conversely the same reaction may be initiated by different stimuli. Autor of the post: Undefined So infinitely complex, so continuously Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 14:37:26 +0000 In the above-mentioned example of the salivary reflex, the signal at one time is one particular vessel, at another time another; under certain conditions one man, under different conditions an other strictly depending upon which vessel had been used in feeding and which man had brought the vessel and given food to the dog. This evidently makes the machine-like responsive activi ties of the organism still more precise, and adds to its qualities of yet higher perfection. So infinitely complex, so continuously in flux, are the conditions in the world around, that that complex animal system which is itself in living flux, and that system only, has a chance to establish dynamic equilibrium with the environ ment. Autor of the post: Undefined In order to belong Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 14:20:56 +0000 Thus we see that the fundamental and the most general function of the hemispheres is that of reacting to signals presented by innumerable stimuli of interchangeable signification. As THE general result of the preceding separate discussions, we must put down the following principle: Certain inadequacies of our psychic functions whose common character will soon be more, definitely determined and certain performances which are apparently unintentional prove to he well motivated when subjected to psychoanalytic investigation, and are determined through the consciousness of unknown motives. In order to belong to the class of phenomena which can thus be explained, a faulty psychic action must satisfy the follow ing conditions: (a) It must not exceed a certain measure, which is (irmly established through our estimation, and is designated by the ex pression "within normal limits. Autor of the post: Undefined The explana tions of these Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 14:08:01 +0000 (b) It must evince the character of the momentary and temporary disturbance. The same action must have been previ ously performed more correctly or we must always rely on ourselves to perform it more correctly; if we are corrected by others, we must immediately recognize the truth of the correction and the incorrectness of our psychic action, (c) If we at all perceive a faulty action, we must not per ceive in ourselves any motivation of the same, but must attempt to explain it through "inattention" or attribute it to an "accident Thus, there remain in this group the cases of forgetting, the errors, the lapses in speaking, reading, writing, the erroneously carried-out actions and the so-called chance actions. The explana tions of these very definite psychic processes are connected with a series of observations which may in part arouse further interest. Autor of the post: Undefined For some time, I Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 13:55:04 +0000 I By assuming that a part of our psychic function is unex- plainable through purposive ideas, we ignore the realms of deter minism in our mental life. Here, as in still other spheres, deter minism reaches farther than we suppose, In the year 1900, I read an essay published in the Zeit written by the literary historian R M Meyer, in which he maintains and illustrates by examples, that it is impossible to compose nonsense intentionally and arbi trarily. For some time, I have been aware that it is impossible to think of a number, or even of a name, of one s own free will. Autor of the post: Undefined While preparing the history Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 13:42:57 +0000 If one investigates this seeming voluntary formation, let us say, of a number of many digits uttered in unrestrained mirth, it always proves to be so strictly determined that the determination seems impossible. I will now briefly discuss an example of an "arbitrarily chosen" first name, and then exhaustively analyze an analogous example of a "thoughtlessly uttered" number. While preparing the history of one of my patients for publi cation, I considered what first name I should give her in the article. Autor of the post: Undefined It would be thought Post Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 13:27:45 +0000 There seemed to be a wide choice; of course, certain names were at once excluded by me, in the first place the real name, then the names of members of my family to which I would have objected, also some female names having an especially peculiar pronuncia tion. But, excluding these, there should have been no need of be ing puzzled about such a name. It would be thought, and I myself supposed, that a whole multitude of feminine names would be placed at my disposal. 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